Awareness and Self-Reported Knowledge and Training on Nutrition in Older People among Primary Care Practitioners.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the awareness and training of primary care physicians on nutrition in older patients. DESIGN: Observational, real-world data survey. SETTING: Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty-two physicians, generalists and specialists, working in primary care. MEASUREMENTS: Participants received an online questionnaire with 18 questions concerning the importance of nutrition, degree of knowledge, needs, and training in nutrition. The results were evaluated using univariate descriptive analysis, with a percentage for each chosen answer. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate if answers were related to training in nutrition and professional experience. RESULTS: 43.2% of participants reported that nutrition is very important in individuals over 65 years old, and 90% were aware of the importance of nutrition in healthy aging. Nutritional problems affect 30 to 50% of patients, according to 44.7% of participants. 89.2% agree about the need for nutritional assessment in older patients; however, the professionals believe they should be better prepared. Two out of three respondents consider the training received in nutrition during their undergraduate course or continuing medical education as deficient. Time of professional practice was mainly associated with conceptual facts, while continuing medical education did with practical issues, mainly the use of screening and diagnostic tools [FRAIL (OR: 3.16; 95%IC: 1.55-6.46), MNA-SF (OR: 6.455; 95%IC: 2.980-13.981) and SARC-F (OR: 3.063; 95%IC: 1.284-7.309)]. CONCLUSION: Although primary care professionals are aware of the importance of nutrition in older patients, there are still gaps in daily practice that could be improved by developing educational strategies.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN DIFFERENT EQUATIONS TO ESTIMATE OSMOLARITY OF PARENTERAL NUTRITION SOLUTIONS.

BACKGROUND: our aim was to measure the osmolality of several PN formulas at different component concentrations to determine if equations described in literature to calculate osmolarity accurately predict osmolalality in other experimental conditions different than these used to develop them. METHODS: osmolality of 12 different types of PN solutions, 9 for central and 3 for peripheral perfusion were measured by using freezing point depression in cross-sectional study. We evaluated the agreement (Pearson correlation test) and differential bias between measured osmolality and calculated osmolarity for three different equations described in the literature: Pereira Da Silva, ASPEN Practice Manual and ASPEN guidelines. RESULTS: mean ± SD osmolality of PN solutions was 1789 ± 256 (range 1 540 - 2 372) and 751 ± 64 mOsm/kg (range 689 - 817) for central and peripheral infusion, respectively. The osmolality of PN formulations was mainly due to glucose (r = 0.975) and amino acids (r = 0.948). All studied equations had a good correlation in the bivariate analysis (p = 0.000). All equations had a trend to underestimate the osmolality compared with the measured value. However, ASPEN guidelines equation overestimated the osmolality for peripheral PN. CONCLUSIONS: measurement of osmolality of peripheral PN solutions is important to reduce the risk of phlebitis. The different equations described previously show a good correlation between them although in general underestimate the osmolality.

Objetivo: nuestro objetivo era medir la osmolaridad de varias fórmulas de nutrición parenteral (NP) compuestas por diferentes componentes para determinar si las ecuaciones para calcular la osmolaridad de la solución, descritas en la literatura, predicen su osmolalidad en la práctica clínica. Método: se midió mediante osmometría la osmolalidad de 12 fórmulas de NP diferentes: 9 para acceso venoso central y 3 para acceso periférico, en un estudio transversal. Se analizó el acuerdo (test de correlación de Pearson) y las diferencias entre la osmolalidad medida y la osmolaridad calculada mediante tres fórmulas diferentes: ecuación de Pereira Da Silva, ecuación del manual de práctica clínica de ASPEN y ecuación de las guías de ASPEN. Resultados: la media ± desviación estándar de las soluciones era 1.789 ± 256 (rango 1.540 ­ 2.372) y 751 ± 64 mOsm/kg (rango 689 ­ 817) para perfusión central y periférica, respectivamente. La osmolalidad era debida principalmente a la glucosa (r = 0,975) y a los aminoacidos (r = 0,948). Todas las ecuaciones presentaban una buena correlación en el análisis bivariante (p = 0,000). Todas las ecuaciones tendían a infraestimar la osmolalidad, en comparación con el valor medido. Sin embargo, la ecuación de las guías de la ASPEN sobreestimaba la osmolalidad de las NP periféricas. Conclusiones: conocer la osmolaridad de la solución de NP periférica es importante para reducir el riesgo de flebitis. Las diferentes ecuaciones descritas en la literatura muestran una buena correlación entre ellas, aunque en general infraestiman la osmolalidad.

[The introduction of gluten into the infant diet. Expert group recommendations]. / La introducción del gluten en la dieta del lactante. Recomendaciones de un grupo de expertos.

At present there is a degree of uncertainty regarding when, how and in what form gluten should be introduced into the infant diet. For years the recommendations of the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition have prevailed, which include avoiding early introduction, before 4 months, and late, after 7 months, and gradually introducing gluten into the diet while the infant is being breastfed, with the aim of reducing the risk of celiac disease, diabetes and gluten allergy. However, 2 independent studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine in October 2014 reached the conclusion that the age of introduction of gluten does not modify the risk of developing celiac disease, and that breastfeeding at any age does not confer protection against celiac disease development. On the other hand, according to available scientific evidence, the introduction of foods other than breast milk or formula into the infants diet is generally recommended around 6 months of age, since the introduction before 4 months could be associated with an increased risk of food allergy and autoimmune diseases, and delaying it beyond 7 months would not have a protective effect. In this context, a group of experts has considered it appropriate to produce a consensus document based on the current scientific evidence and present general recommendations for daily clinical practice on the introduction of gluten into the diet.

La alimentación infantil, el marketing y los medios de comunicación / No disponible

No disponible

Práctica de la nutrición enteral en pediatría / Enteral nutrition support in pediatrics

Introducción: La nutrición enteral es la forma de soporte nutricional más utilizada. Su empleo en el paciente ingresado y en el domicilio ha aumentado en los últimos años. Sin embargo, pese a tratarse de la misma técnica de soporte nutricional, se trata de dos escenarios completamente distintos. El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en describir sus características y diferencias, así como su influencia en el estado nutricional. Pacientes y métodos: Se analizaron retrospectivamente las historias de 124 pacientes con nutrición enteral domiciliaria entre 1995 y 2013, y prospectivamente las de 50 pacientes con nutrición enteral hospitalaria. Se utilizó una estadística descriptiva para el estudio de las dos poblaciones y un análisis de inferencias para la comparación entre ambas (t de Student o ji al cuadrado, en función de las variables) y comparación de medidas repetidas para el estudio de la situación nutricional a lo largo del tiempo, mediante el programa estadístico SPSS 15.0. Se consideró significación estadística a partir de valores de p <0,05. Resultados: En la población domiciliaria, la media de edad de inicio era de 2,48 años. Las enfermedades principales fueron enfermedades del aparato digestivo o enfermedades neurológicas. La duración media fue de 33,29 meses, mientras que el tipo de acceso y el producto más usados fueron la sonda nasogástrica y la fórmula polimérica, respectivamente. Se observó mejoría del estado nutricional en esta población, al menos en cuanto al peso. En la población hospitalaria la media de edad de inicio fue de 1,29 años. La patología principal fue la respiratoria. La duración media fue de 1,12 meses, la mayoría de pacientes emplearon una sonda nasogástrica y los productos más usados fueron la leche materna y la fórmula polimérica pediátrica. No se apreció mejoría de la situación nutricional en esta población. Conclusiones: 1) A pesar de utilizar los mismos accesos enterales y productos, las características de los pacientes, la edad de inicio y los resultados desde el punto de vista nutricional fueron diferentes en las dos poblaciones comparadas. 2) La nutrición enteral domiciliaria contribuyó a la mejoría del estado nutricional, mientras que la hospitalaria no lo consiguió (AU)

Introduction: Enteral nutrition is the most used form of nutritional support. In the last years there has been an increased use of enteral nutrition both in the inpatients as well as in the outpatient scenario. Nevertheless they are quite different clinical conditions, despite the fact of using the same technique and products. The aim of the study was to describe the characteristics, the differences and the influence in the nutritional status. Subjects and methods: 124 pediatric patients with home enteral nutrition from 1995 to 2013 were analyzed retrospectively and 50 patients with enteral nutrition while in hospital in a 4-month-period were analyzed prospectively. Descriptive statistics for the study of the two populations and inference analysis for comparison between the two (Student-t test or x2, depending on variables) and a comparison of repeated measures for the study of the nutritional status along time was used, through the SPSS 15.0 statistical program. Statistical significance was based on p-values <0.05. Results: In the home enteral nutrition population the mean age at the start of treatment was 2.48 years. The main diseases were the gastrointestinal and neurological diseases. The average duration was 33.29 months, while the type of access and the most used product were e nasogastric tube and a polymeric formula respectively. An improvement of the nutritional status was observed, at least in weight. In the hospitalized patients the mean age at the start was 1.29 years, the main indication was a respiratory disease. The average duration was 1.12 months; most patients used a nasogastric tube and the most used products were breastmilk and a polymeric formula. An improvement of the nutritional status was not obtained in this population. Conclusions: 1) In spite of using the same type of enteral access and products, patients' characteristics, mean age at start and outcomes from a nutritional status point of view, were very different between both populations. 2) Home enteral nutrition contributed to the improvement of the nutritional status, whereas the enteral nutrition in hospital did not (AU)

Home enteral nutrition in Spain; NADYA registry 2011-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of the home enteral nutrition (HEN) registry of the NADYA-SENPE group in 2011 and 2012. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrieved the data of the patients recorded from January 1st 2011 to December 31st 2012. RESULTS: There were 3021 patients in the registry during the period from 29 hospitals, which gives 65.39 per million inhabitants. 97.95% were adults, 51.4% male. Mean age was 67.64 ± 19.1, median age was 72 years for adults and 7 months for children. Median duration with HEN was 351 days and for 97.5% was their first event with HEN. Most patients had HEN because of neurological disease (57.8%). Access route was nasogastric tube for 43.5% and gastrostomy for 33.5%. Most patients had limited activity level and, concerning autonomy, 54.8% needed total help. Nutritional formula was supplied from chemist's office to 73.8% of patients and disposables, when necessary, was supplied from hospitals to 53.8% of patients. HEN was finished for 1,031 patients (34.1%) during the period of study, 56.6% due to decease and 22.2% due to recovery of oral intake. CONCLUSIONS: Data from NADYA-SENPE registry must be explained cautiously because it is a non-compulsory registry. In spite of the change in the methodology of the registry in 2010, tendencies regarding HEN have been maintained, other than oral route.

Objetivos: Describir los resultados del registro de nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED) del grupo NADYASENPE de los años 2011 y 12. Material y métodos: Se recopilaron los datos introducidos en el registro desde el 1 de enero de 2011 al 31 de diciembre de 2012. Resultados: Hubo 3021 pacientes en el registro durante el periodo, procedentes de 29 hospitales, lo que da una prevalencia de 65,39 casos por millón de habitantes. 97.95% fueron adultos, 51,4% varones. La edad media fue 67,64 ± 19,1 años y la mediana 72 años para los adultos y 7 meses para los niños. La duración media de la NED fue 351 días y para el 97,5% fue el primer episodio con NED. La mayoría de pacientes tenían NED por una enfermedad neurológica (57,8%). La vía de acceso fue sonda nasogástrica para el 43,5% y gastrostomía para el 33,5%. La mayoría de pacientes tuvieron un nivel de actividad física limitado y, respecto a la autonomía, 54,8% necesitaba ayuda total. La fórmula de nutrición se suministró desde las oficinas de farmacia para el 73,8% y los fungibles, cuando fueron necesarios, desde los hospitales para el 53,8%. La NED se suspendió en 1.031 pacientes (34,1%) durante el periodo de estudio, 56,6% debido a fallecimiento y 22,2% debido a recuperación de la vía oral. Conclusiones: Los datos del registro NADYA-SENPE deben ser interpretados con precaución ya que se trata de un registro voluntario. A pesar del cambio de metodología del registro en 2010, las tendencias en NED se han mantenido, salvo la importancia cuantitativa de la vía oral.

[Home parenteral nutrition in Spain 2011 and 2012; a report of the home and ambulatory artificial nutrition group NADYA]. / Nutrición Parenteral Domiciliaria en España 2011 y 2012: informe del grupo de nutrición artificial domiciliaria y ambulatoria NADYA.

OBJECTIVE: To report the data of the Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) registry of the NADYA-SENPE working group for the years 2011 and 2012. METHODOLOGY: We compiled the data from the on-line registry introduced by reviewers of NADYA group responsible for monitoring of NPD introduced by since January 1, 2011 to december 31, 2012. Included fields were: age, sex, diagnosis and reason for HPN, access path, complications, beginning and end dates, complementary oral or enteral nutrition, activity level, autonomy degree, product and fungible material supply, withdrawal reason and intestinal transplant indication. RESULTS: Year 2010: 184 patients from 29 hospitals , representing a rate of 3.98 patients/million inhabitants/ year 2011, with 186 episodes were recorded NPD . During 2012, 203 patients from 29 hospitals , representing a rate of 4.39 patients/million inhabitants/year 2012 , a total of 211 episodes were recorded NPD . CONCLUSIONS: We observe an increase in registered patients with respect to previous years.Neoplasia remains as the main pathology since 2003. Although NADYA is consolidated registry and has been indispensable source of information relevant to the understanding of the progress of Home Artificial Nutrition in our country, there is ample room for improvement. Especially that refers to the registration of pediatric patients and the registration of complications.

Objetivo: Comunicar los datos del registro de Nutrición Parenteral Domiciliaria (NPD) del grupo de trabajo NADYA-SENPE de los años 2011 y 2012. Material y métodos: Recopilación de los datos del registro "on-line" introducidos por los colaboradores del grupo NADYA responsables del seguimiento de la NPD desde el 1 de enero de 2011 al 31 de diciembre de 2012 dividido por años naturales. Resultados: Año 2010: Se registraron 184 pacientes, procedentes de 29 hospitales, lo que representa una tasa de 3,98 pacientes/millón habitantes/año 2011, con 186 episodios de NPD. Durante el año 2012 se registraron 203 pacientes, procedentes de 29 hospitales, lo que representa una tasa de 4,39 pacientes/millón habitantes/año 2012, con un total de 211 episodios de NPD. Conclusiones: Se observa un aumento progresivo de los pacientes registrados respecto a años anteriores. El principal grupo patológico sigue siendo oncológico ocupando el primer lugar desde 2003. Aunque el registro NADYA es un registro consolidado y ha sido y es fuente imprescindible de información relevante para el conocimiento de los avances de la Nutrición Artificial Domiciliaria en nuestro país, queda un amplio margen para la mejora. En especial lo que hace referencia al registro de pacientes pediátricos y al registro de las complicaciones.

Analysis of the Spanish national registry for pediatric home enteral nutrition (NEPAD): implementation rates and observed trends during the past 8 years.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The home enteral nutrition (HEN) provides nutritional support to children with chronic diseases who are nutritionally compromised and allows them to be discharged more quickly from hospitals. In 2003, a web-based registry (Nutrición Enteral Pediátrica Ambulatoria y Domiciliaria, Pediatric Ambulatory and Home Enteral Nutrition -NEPAD-) was created with the objective of gathering information about pediatric HEN practices in Spain. AIM: The aim of this study was to report the implementation of the NEPAD (Nutrición Enteral Pediátrica Ambulatoria y Domiciliaria, Pediatric Ambulatory and Home Enteral Nutrition) registry of pediatric HEN in Spain and to analyze data evolution trends from 2003 to 2010. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The data from the Spanish NEPAD registry were analyzed according to the following variables: demographic data, diagnosis, indication for HEN, nutritional support regime and administration route. RESULTS: Over the study period, 952 patients (1048 episodes) from 20 Spanish hospitals were included in the NEPAD registry. The most frequent indication for HEN was decreased oral intake (64%), and neurological disease was the most prevalent illness. HEN was delivered via a nasogastric tube in 573 episodes (54.7%), by gastrostomy in 375 episodes (35.8%), oral feeding in 77 episodes (7.3%) and by jejunal access in 23 episodes (2.2%). Significant differences in the mode of administration were observed based on the pathology of the child (χ(2), P<0.0001). The cyclic feeding was the most widely used technique for the administration of HEN. Most of the patients used a pump and a polymeric formula. Transition to oral feeding was the primary reason for discontinuation of this type of support. CONCLUSIONS: Since the NEPAD registry was established in Spain, the number of documented patients has increased more than 25-fold. Many children with chronic illness benefit from HEN, mainly those suffering from neurological diseases.

[The registry of home artificial nutrition and ambulatory of the Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; SWOT analysis]. / El registro de Nutrición Artificial Domiciliaria y Ambulatoria de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral; análisis DAFO.

OBJECTIVE: To evidence by means of a SWOT-R analysis performed by an expert consensus the most worrying characteristics of the register on Home-based and Outpatient Artificial Nutrition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: SWOT-R analysis with expert consensus. We requested the participation of the active members of the NADYA group within the last 5 years with the premise of structuring the SWOT-R based on the characteristics of the NADYA registry from its beginning. RESULTS: 18 experts from hospitals all over Spain have participated. The internal analysis seems to be positive, presenting the registry as having important resources. The external analysis did not show a great number of threats, there are very potent factors, "the voluntariness" of the registry and the "dependence on external financing". The opportunities identified are important. The recommendations are aimed at stabilizing the system by decreasing the threats as one of the main focus of the strategies to develop as well as promoting the items identified as opportunities and strengths. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis shows that the NADYA register shows a big potentiality for improvement. The proposed recommendations should be structured in order to stay on the track of development and quality improvement that has characterized the NADYA register from the beginning.

[Incidence of catheter-related infection and associated risk factors in hospitalized patients with parenteral nutrition]. / Incidencia de infección asociada a catéter y factores de riesgo relacionados en pacientes hospitalizados con nutrición parenteral.

INTRODUCTION: The most severe complication of parenteral nutrition (PTN) is catheter-related infection (CRI). OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence rate and factors associated to CRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 271 patients followed at the Nutrition Unit for 6 months. The composition of the PTN was calculated according to the metabolic demands. 20.3% received a lipid solution enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (SMOF Fresenius Kabi®) and 79.7% with olive oil (Clinoleic Baxter®). RESULTS: The rate of CRI was 25 per 1,000 days of PTN (55 patients: 61.7±17.8 years, 60.3% males, 29.3±10.6 days of hospital stay and 10.4% mortality). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated microorganism. There were no differences by age, gender, mortality, or composition of the PTN between patients with or without infection. The patients treated with omega-3 received more calories with the PTN, at the expense of higher intake of glucose and lipids. However, the rate of infection was similar, although there was a not significant trend towards a lower infection rate when using the omega-3 composition (14.5% vs. 23.1%, respectively, p = 0.112). The duration of the nutritional support was higher in patients with CRI (13.0 ± 9.7 vs. 9.3 ± 8.1, p = 0.038). Total mortality (16.9%) was independent of the presence or absence of CRI (10.4% vs. 18.7%, p = 0.090) or of the use of omega-3 lipids or olive oil in the PTN (10.9% vs. 18.5%, p = 0.125). CONCLUSION: Patients submitted to PTN have a high rate of CRI. The presence of infection is related to the duration of the PTN, being independent of the age, gender, and composition of the solution. The use of omega-3 lipid solutions may be beneficial although further studies are needed to confirm this.

[Pilot study of intravenous fluid therapy management in adult patients at a tertiary care hospital]. / Estudio piloto sobre el manejo de la fluidoterapia intravenosa en pacientes adultos de un hospital de tercer nivel.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of intravenous fluid therapy (IFT) is to maintain or restore internal equilibrium by administering fluids and/or different electrolyte components. Its correct use and the prevention of complications arising from their misuse depend on the knowledge of the medical team on this subject. We analyzed this issue in different clinical areas of a tertiary hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional pilot study via a questionnaire given to physicians specializing in internal medicine (IM) and digestive system surgery (SDS) who perform clinical practice in hospital units with unit dose drug dispensing system. We designed an anonymous questionnaire with 25 questions relative to knowledge of theory and practices, as well as the opinion of physicians regarding IFT. We evaluated the association between nominal qualitative variables with the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. The behavior of the quantitative variables was assessed using the t-student test. The analysis of the data was generated using SAS/STAT, Version 9. RESULTS: 28 questionnaires were collected from 13 surgeons and 15 digestive interns. Over 40% of specialists considered further education in IFT a necessity , especially regarding its prescription (SDS: 61.54%, IM: 71.43%). No statistically significant differences were found between the specialties in terms of perceived frequency of complications associated with IFT or in the frequency indication with the exception of hypovolemic shock, which is considered to be more prevalent in gastrointestinal surgery (p = 0.046). 90% of professionals prefer an individualized prescription. Statistically significant differences in terms of scores in the area of knowledge, with IM physicians achieving the highest scores (p = 0.014). There were also differences in attitude but they are not significant (p = 0.162). Knowledge of intravenous fluid increases with years of clinical experience (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.386, p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: The professionals who prescribe IFT perceive the need to design IFT training programs, together with the production of guides and consensus protocols.

¿Por qué dudamos de si la leche de vaca es buena para los niños? Parte 1 / Is milk a good stuff for children? Part 1

La leche constituye un alimento básico en la alimentación humana, más allá del periodo de destete, al menos en la población de origen caucásico. En los últimos años han comenzado a circular, fundamentalmente a través de canales de información no profesionales, ideas sobre los perjuicios del consumo de la leche de vaca en la edad infantil. En la mayoría de ocasiones se trata de posturas apriorísticas con poco o ningún fundamento que las sustente. El papel del consumo de leche de vaca y la aparición de anemia ferropénica, la intolerancia a la lactosa y la alergia a las proteínas de leche de vaca constituyen algunas de las justificaciones que tradicionalmente se han utilizado para argumentar esa postura. A ellas se han unido más recientemente su influencia en la aparición del síndrome metabólico o de otras enfermedades no transmisibles o de origen autoinmune (como la diabetes mellitus tipo 1), pero también la relación con los trastornos del desarrollo, o como causa del aumento de mucosidad o de los problemas respiratorios de los niños. En estos artículos se repasan las debilidades y dudas, donde las hubiere, de cada uno de estos aspectos, para concluir con unas recomendaciones prácticas de consumo de leche en la etapa infantil(AU)

Cow’ milk is a main food in human nutrition, even beyond the weaning period, at least in Causasian population. In the last few years, through the web or other non-conventional information technologies some negative ideas on the intake of cow’s milk have arisen. Mostly they are aprioristic positions with little scientific evidence. In this paper we will review the role on cow’s milk intake in the development of ferropenic anemia, the causes of lactose intolerance or the prevalence of cow’s milk allergy beyond infancy. Some voices have pointed a disputable role of cow’s milk in the development of metabolic syndrome or other chronic non-transmissible diseases. Even autistic disorders or mucous production have being associated with the intake of cow’s milk. Strength nesses and weaknesses of these arguments will be reviewed. Some practical points will be set at the end of the papers(AU)

¿Por qué dudamos de si la leche de vaca es buena para los niños? Parte 2 / Is milk a good stuff for children?. Part 2

La leche constituye un alimento básico en la alimentación humana, más allá del periodo de destete, al menos en la población de origen caucásico. En los últimos años han comenzado a circular, fundamentalmente a través de canales de información no profesionales, ideas sobre los perjuicios del consumo de la leche de vaca en la edad infantil. En la mayoría de ocasiones se trata de posturas apriorísticas con poco o ningún fundamento que las sustente. El papel del consumo de leche de vaca y la aparición de anemia ferropénica, la intolerancia a la lactosa y la alergia a las proteínas de leche de vaca constituyen algunas de las justificaciones que tradicionalmente se han utilizado para argumentar esa postura. A ellas se han unido más recientemente su influencia en la aparición del síndrome metabólico o de otras enfermedades no transmisibles o de origen autoinmune (como la diabetes mellitus tipo 1), pero también la relación con los trastornos del desarrollo, o como causa del aumento de mucosidad o de los problemas respiratorios de los niños. En estos artículos se repasan las debilidades y dudas, donde las hubiere, de cada uno de estos aspectos, para concluir con unas recomendaciones prácticas de consumo de leche en la etapa infantil(AU)

Cow' milk is a main food in human nutrition, even beyond the weaning period, at least in Causasian population. In the last few years, through the web or other non-conventional information technologies some negative ideas on the intake of cow's milk have arisen. Mostly they are aprioristic positions with little scientific evidence. In this paper we will review the role on cow's milk intake in the development of ferropenic anemia, the causes of lactose intolerance or the prevalence of cow's milk allergy beyond infancy. Some voices have pointed a disputable role of cow's milk in the development of metabolic syndrome or other chronic non-transmissible diseases. Even autistic disorders or mucous production have being associated with the intake of cow's milk. Strengthnesses and weaknesses of these arguments will be reviewed. Some practical points will be set at the end of the papers(AU)

Recomendaciones de ingesta de calcio y vitamina D: posicionamiento del Comité de Nutrición de la Asociación Española de Pediatría / Recommended intake of calcium and vitamin D. Positioning of the Nutrition Committee of the AEP

Tanto el calcio como la vitamina D son nutrientes esenciales y con una función determinante en la salud ósea. En los últimos años hemos asistido a una animada controversia sobre los aportes necesarios para asegurar un adecuado estado de salud, dando lugar a numerosas publicaciones y posicionamientos dentro de la comunidad pediátrica. Para la vitamina D, en poco tiempo hemos visto como se ha pasado de la indicación de 400 U diarias, a 200 U y de nuevo a las 400 U, con algunos pronunciamientos que han tenido en cuenta no sólo su influencia sobre el tejido esquelético, sino también sobre el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas, lo que ha generado nuevas expectativas. Este comentario quiere proporcionar a los pediatras una actualización sobre este tema y proponer unas recomendaciones para la ingesta de ambos nutrientes a la vista de las informaciones más recientes. Para la vitamina D este comité propone el aporte de 400 U/día en el niño menor de 1 año y de 600 U/día a partir de esa edad(AU)

Both calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients with a crucial role in bone health, although in recent years there has been much controversy about the contributions required from both molecules to ensure adequate health. For vitamin D, in a short time, we have seen how it has gone from a recommendation of 400 IU daily, to 200 IU and again to 400 IU, with some statements that not only its influence on skeletal tissue has been taken into account, but also on the development of chronic diseases, which has led to new expectations. Our goal is to provide an update to paediatricians on this issue and propose recommendations for intake in the light of the latest information. For vitamin D the Committee proposes an intake of 400 IU/day in children under 1 year and 600 IU/day after that age(AU)

[Home parenteral nutrition in infants and children in a tertiary level hospital between 1993 and 2009]. / Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria en niños en un hospital terciario entre los años 1993 y 2009.

UNLABELLED: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has a key role in the management of permanent or transient intestinal failure in the pediatric patient. Although its use is not without complications. We review our experience since the beginning of the program in 1993. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Longitudinal and retrospective study of the clinical records from 25 infants and children (11 boys, 14 girls) who received HPN in this period. If a patient received HPN in periods separated more than 3 months we consider a different episode. In this way, 32 episodes were described. Quantitative data are presented as mean or median and qualitative as frequency. Complications are presented as complication rate per 1,000 days of HPN. RESULTS: 16 patients started HPN younger than 1 year. Total length of HPN was 9,986 days, median 174 days (range 7 to 2,444 days). Main indication was short bowel syndrome (n = 6); motility disorders (n = 6); chronic diarrhea (n = 5), malnutrition (n = 3) and other causes (n = 5). 47 catheters were used; mean length 212.5 days, median 120 days (range: 7 to 930). Most of central venous catheters were tunnelled catheters (n = 42); subcutaneous ports (n=3) and in two cases periferically inserted central catheters (PICCS). Complication rate per 1,000 days of HPN was: 3.4 for catheter-related infections, 0.1 for obstruction; 0.9 for leakage, and 0.1 for accidental removal. Most common microorganisms were Staphylococcus coagulase negative (47%), Gram negative bacteria (21%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%), fungi (9%) and others in 9%. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease was present in 4 patients. 21 patients were weaned off HPN, 3 patients deceased because of underlying disease, 2 patients underwent intestinal transplantation, while 5 patients continue in the program. CONCLUSIONS: Every year two new patients enter in the program. 65% of patients were weaned off HPN. Infectious complications were the most frequent (rate 3.4 infections per 1,000 days of HPN). Mean length of HPN was 174 days, and 120 days for catheters.